Microbiology

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Table Of Contents
  1. AETCOM
  2. Clinicals
  3. Paper 01
  4. Paper 02
  5. Miscellaneous

¡¡¡NB!!! This is NOT a Comprehensive List! There are still more, and they will be added and updated regularly. Also, clicking on the topics will you take you to its answer once i add them ,which again, will happen periodically.

AETCOM

Find all Microbiology AETCOM questions here.

Clinicals

Find all Microbiology Clinical Case based questions here.

Paper 01

General Microbiology

Basic Concepts of Bacteriology, Systemic Bacteriology, Microbial Genetics

Essay

  1. Horizontal Gene Transfer⭐⭐⭐
  2. Bacterial Growth Curve & Stages⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. Factors affecting Bacterial Growth & Multiplication⭐
  4. Methods of Transmission of Genetic Material⭐

Short Notes

  1. Classification: Medically Important Spirochaetes⭐⭐⭐
  2. Enlist Infections by Non Treponemal Spirochaetes⭐
  3. Bacterial Cell Wall⭐⭐⭐
  4. Gram Positive Cell Wall⭐
  5. Bacterial Capsule⭐⭐⭐
  6. Bacterial Flagella⭐⭐
  7. Spore forming Bacteria⭐
  8. Bacterial Spore: Characteristics, Demonstration & Applications⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  9. Bacterial Growth Curve & its applications⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  10. Halophilic vibrios⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  11. Mutation⭐⭐
  12. Transduction⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  13. Anaerobic Culture/ Cultivation Methods⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  14. Classification: Streptococcus⭐⭐
  15. Bacterial Conjugation⭐⭐⭐⭐
  16. Bacteriology of Milk ⭐
  17. Bacteriological Examination of Water⭐
  18. Plasmids⭐⭐
  19. L-forms of bacteria⭐
  20. Automated Methods for Bacterial Culture & Sensitivity ⭐⭐⭐
  21. Dark Ground Microscope
  22. Genetic Engineering & its application in Microbiology
  23. Fluorescent Microscope: Explain with principles and examples⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  24. Exotoxins & Endotoxins
  25. Nucleic Acid Probes
  26. Hand Hygiene
  27. Satellitism⭐⭐⭐⭐
  28. Escherichia coli Infections⭐
  29. Negative Staining
  30. Culture Media: Definition⭐⭐⭐
  31. Culture Media: Different Types⭐⭐⭐
  32. Transport Media: Definition Description & Examples⭐⭐
  33. Bacterial Rapid Culture Techniques & Application⭐
  34. Virulence Factors of Bacteria⭐⭐
  35. Louis Pasteur⭐
  36. Robert Koch- Contributions in Microbiology⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐
  37. Paul Ehrlich⭐
  38. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Antimicrobial Resistance

Essay

  1. Mechanism of Bacterial Drug Resistance⭐
  2.  

Short Notes

  1. Mechanism of Drug Resistance
  2. Role of Conjugation in Bacterial Drug Resistance⭐⭐⭐
  3. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST)⭐⭐⭐⭐
  4. Genetic Mechanism of Drug Resistance⭐⭐⭐
  5. Transferable Drug Resistance⭐
  6. Acquired Drug Resistance⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  7.  

Sterilisation & Disinfection

Essay

  • 1) Disinfection⭐⭐
  • 2) Sterilisation by Moist Heat⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  • 3) Sterilisation⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Definition & Classification⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Enumerate agents used in sterilisation
    • c) Sterilisation by Gases⭐⭐
    • d) Chemical Sterilisation⭐⭐
    • e) Sterilisation Indicators⭐⭐
    • f) Autoclave
      • i) Principle⭐
      • ii) Holding Period
      • iii) Structure
      • iv) Function
      • v) Articles Sterilised

Short Notes-

  1. Specimen Collection & Transport⭐
  2. Cold Sterilisation
  3. Infection Control⭐
  1. Tissue Culture⭐
  2. Bacterial Food Poisoning and its Etiopathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. Stool Concentration Techniques⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  4. Continuous Cell Lines
  5. Interferons ⭐
  6. Inclusion Bodies(Viral)⭐⭐⭐
  7. Viral Vaccines ⭐
  8. High Level Disinfectants⭐
  9. Sterilisation with Gases⭐⭐
  10. Absorption of Oxygen by Chemical Methods⭐⭐⭐
  11. McIntosh & Filde’s Anaerobic jar⭐
  12. Methods & Mechanism of gene transfer in bacteria⭐⭐
  13. Transposons⭐
  14. Blotting Technique⭐
  15. Zoonotic Diseases
  16. Hot Air Oven⭐⭐

Basic Concepts of Mycology

Essay

  1. Superficial mycoses⭐⭐

Short Notes

  1. Dimorphic fungi⭐⭐⭐
  2. Approach to lab diagnosis of fungal disease
  3. Dermatophytes- explain in detail. ⭐⭐⭐
  4. Fungi affecting hair
  5. Subcutaneous phycomycoses⭐
  6. Rhinosporidiosis⭐⭐
  7. Classification of opportunistic mycoses
  8. Opportunistic fungal infections in India
  9. Keratomycosis⭐
  10. Mycotoxins
  11. Mycotoxicosis⭐
  12. Disc Diffusion Testing
  13. Lab Diagnosis: Fungal Infection⭐⭐⭐
  14. KOH Preparation for fungal infections ⭐

General Concepts of Medical Parasitology

Essay

  1. Nematodes- Strongyloides stercoralis⭐
  2. Helminths- Wuchereria bancrofti
  3. Applied parasitology
  4. Parasite causing infections in immunocompromised patients

Short Notes

  1. Strongyloides stercoralis
  2. Wuchereria bancrofti/ Filarial Worm – Life cycle⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. Wuchereria bancrofti/ Filarial Worm- Pathogenicity⭐⭐
  4. Wuchereria bancrofti/ Filarial Worm – Lab diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  5. Cyclops as intermediate host⭐
  6. Examination of feces for parasitic infection
  7. Classify Helminths
  8. Serodiagnosis in Parasitic Infections⭐
  9. Classification: Protozoan Infections ⭐
  10. Classification: Helminthic Infections ⭐

Basic Concepts of Virology

Essay

  1. Methods of isolation of viruses in laboratory⭐⭐⭐⭐
  2. Classification of Virus⭐
  3. Different methods of diagnosis of viral infection⭐
  4. Arbo Virus⭐
  5. Rabies Virus
  6. Hepatitis Virus

Short Notes-

  1. Continuous Cell lines⭐
  2. Cytopathic Effect (CPE)
  3. Polio Virus
  4. Stronyloides stercoralis
  5. Lab Diagnosis- Poliomyelitis
  6. Lab Diagnosis: Viral Infection⭐⭐⭐
  7. Polio Vaccine
  8. Influenza Virus⭐
  9. Arboviral Infections in India⭐
  10. Dengue Virus⭐
  11. Vaccine culture in rabies⭐
  12. Delta Virus⭐
  13. Western Blot Analysis⭐
  14. Slow Viral Disease⭐
  15. Lab Diagnosis: Viral Infections ⭐⭐
  16. Lab Testing Methods of Viral Isolation Techniques⭐⭐⭐
  17. Viral Replication ⭐
  18. Detecting Viral Growth⭐

Bloodstream & CVS

Clinicals

  1. 30/M.
    • C/O-
      • Step ladder fever
      • Coated Tongue
      • Splenomegaly
      • Blood Culture Positive
    • Blood Culture positive
    • Question-
      • Diagnosis?
      • Causative Agent?
      • Lab Diagnosis?

Essay

  1. 1) Enteric Fever⭐
    • a) Etiology⭐
    • b) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Treatment & Prevention (Vaccination)⭐⭐
    • e) Prophylaxis⭐
    • f) Salmonella vaccines
    • g) Pyrexia/Fever of Unknown Origin (PUO/FUO) ⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐
  2. 2) Malaria
    • a) Types of Malarial Infections⭐
    • b) Causative/ Etiological Agents ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Classify/Name/ Types of Malarial Parasites⭐⭐
    • d) Life Cycle: Malarial Parasites⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Etiopathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Lab Diagnosis/ Conventional Lab Diagnosis & Rapid Tests⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • g) Lab Diagnosis: Malaria in acute phase⭐
    • h) Clinical Presentation/ Manifestation and Vaccines⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • i) Complications⭐⭐⭐
    • j) Recent Advances in Lab Diagnosis
    • k) Preventive Measures⭐⭐⭐
    • l) Diagnosis & Treatment⭐
    • m) Drug Resistance⭐
    • n) Vivax Malaria:
      • i) Epidemiology
      • ii) Diagnosis & Treatment
      • iii) Life Cycle⭐⭐
    • o) Falciparum Malaria-
      • i) Morphology
      • ii) Lifecycle⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. 3) Lymphatic Filariasis/ Filariasis
    • a) Causative Agents ⭐
    • b) Clinical Features ⭐
    • c) Eitipathogenesis & Clinical Evolution⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Complications
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐
  4. 4) Anemia
    • a) Causative Infections & Microbial agents⭐
    • b) Morphology and Mode of Infection⭐
    • c) Pathogenesis & Clinical Course⭐
    • d) Diagnosis, Prevention & Treatment⭐
  5. 5) Rheumatic Heart Disease/ Rheumatic Fever
    • a) Etiological agents⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Association of Group A Streptococcus with Acute Rheumatic Fever
    • d) Etiology⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐
  6. 6) Infective Endocarditis⭐⭐⭐
    • a) What is it.⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Causative Microbial Agents⭐
    • c) Classification & Etiopathogenesis⭐⭐
    • d) Clinical Features⭐
    • e) Diagnostic Modalities⭐
    • f) Lab Diagnosis⭐
  7. 7) Kala Azar/ Black Fever/ Visceral Leishmaniasis/ Dum Dum Fever/ Leishmania donovani⭐
    • a) Enumerate: Leishmania species causing human disease
    • b) Lab Diagnosis & Treatment⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) What is it and what causes it ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Evolution⭐⭐
  8. 8) Leptospirosis
    • a) Etiological Agent & Transmission⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Management⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Clinical presentation & pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐
  9. 9) Staphylococcus aureus⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Virulence factor
    • b) Enzymes & Toxins produced⭐
    • c) Toxin mediated infections⭐
    • d) Pathogenesis⭐⭐
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐
  10. 10) Dengue:
    • a) Clinical Presentation/Features ⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Pathogenesis/ Etiopathogenesis ⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Complications⭐⭐
    • d) Transmission⭐
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐

Short Notes

  1. Microfilaria⭐⭐⭐⭐
  2. Yersinia pestis/Rat bite fever⭐⭐
  3. MRSA: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and its control measures in infection control⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  4. Scrub Typhus
  5. Staphylococcus aureus: Virulence Factors
  6. Classify Rickettsia
  7. Q fever: Pathogenesis
  8. Q fever: Lab Diagnosis
  9. Drug Resistance in Salmonella
  10. African Sleeping Sickness
  11. Blackwater fever⭐
  12. Bartonellosis: Clinical Forms
  13. Bartonellosis: Lab Diagnosis
  14. Blastomycosis
  15. Brugian Filariasis
  16. Candida albicans⭐⭐
  17. Candidosis/ Candidiasis/ Candidiosis⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐
  18. Candidiasis: Pathogenesis⭐
  19. Candidiasis: Lab Diagnosis⭐
  20. Candidemia: Lab Diagnosis
  21. Candidemia: Predisposing Risk Factors
  22. Candida: Infections Caused⭐⭐
  23. Oral Thrush- Lab Diagnosis
  24. Chagas Disease⭐
  25. Chikungunya
  26. Classification: Plasmodium
  27. Dengue Fever/ Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever⭐
  28. Ebola Virus Disease: Lab Diagnosis
  29. Ebola Virus Disease: Pathogenesis
  30. Enteric Fever
  31. Enumerate: Common Indian hemorrhagic fevers
  32. Enumerate: Transfusion Transmitted Diseases⭐⭐⭐
  33. Organisms causing transfusion related infections⭐⭐⭐
  34. HACEK group of organisms⭐
  35. Hemoflagellates: Classify with names/examples
  36. Histoplasmosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  37. Histoplasma capsulatum⭐⭐⭐
  38. Sub-Acute Endocarditis: Etiological Agents⭐⭐⭐
  39. Sub-Acute Endocarditis: Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  40. Kyasanur Forest Disease⭐⭐
  41. Lab Diagnosis: Bartonellosis
  42. Lab Diagnosis: Brill Zinsser⭐⭐⭐
  43. Brucella⭐
  44. Lab Diagnosis: Brucellosis⭐
  45. Lab Diagnosis: Candidemia
  46. Lab Diagnosis: Ebola Virus Disease
  47. Lab Diagnosis: Epidemic Typhus
  48. Lab Diagnosis: Filariasis⭐
  49. Lab Diagnosis: FUO
  50. Lab diagnosis: Q Fever
  51. Lab Diagnosis: Salmonella Typhi
  52. Lab Diagnosis: Suspected Sepsis
  53. Lab Diagnosis: Wuchereria bancrofti⭐
  54. Leptospirosis⭐⭐⭐⭐
  55. Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis: Leptospirosis:
  56. Leishmania donovani⭐⭐⭐
  57. Life Cycle: Hook worm
  58. Life Cycle: Leishmania donovani⭐⭐
  59. Life Cycle: Wuchereria bancrofti⭐
  60. Lyme Disease⭐⭐
  61. Pathogenesis: DHF
  62. Pathogenesis: Q fever
  63. Pathogenesis: Scrub Typhus⭐
  64. Scrub Typhus⭐
  65. Post Kala Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL)⭐⭐⭐
  66. Relapsing Fever
  67. Salmonella: Drug Resistance
  68. Salmonella: Classification⭐
  69. Schistosoma haematobium⭐
  70. Streptococcus: Pathogenesis
  71. Streptococcus: Classification & Lesions⭐⭐⭐
  72. Typhoid Fever: Vaccines⭐⭐
  73. Typhoid: Choosing appropriate antibiotic
  74. Typhoid: Complications
  75. Typhoid: Types of Carriers
  76. Viral haemorrhagic Fever: Enumerate Etiological Agents⭐
  77. Wuchereria bancrofti – Life cycle⭐⭐⭐⭐
  78. Wuchereria bancrofti – Pathogenesis⭐⭐
  79. Wuchereria bancrofti – Lab diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  80. Widal Test: Blood Culture Positive but Widal Negative. Explain Why? ⭐

Gastrointestinal (GIT)

Clinicals

  1. 50/M-
    • C/O-
      • Low grade Fever X 1month
      • Fatigue
      • Loss of appetite
    • O/E-
      • Hepatomegaly
      • Yellowish discoloration of Sclera
    • H/O-
      • Blood transfusion 3 months ago

Essay

  1. 1) Diarrhoea
    • a) Viruses causing diarrhoea in children
    • b) Enumerate organisms causing Diarrhoea
    • c) Vibrio Cholera⭐⭐
      • i) Classification, Biotype, Serotype⭐⭐⭐
      • ii) Specimen collection and Transport ⭐
      • iii) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
      • iv) Lab Diagnosis of Viral Diarrhoea
      • v) Classical Vs El Tor⭐
      • vi) Morphology⭐⭐⭐⭐
      • vii) Cultural characteristics⭐
      • viii) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
      • ix) Prophylaxis⭐⭐
      • x) Prevention ⭐⭐
    • d) Enumerate organisms causing water borne diseases
    • e) Antibiotic Induced Diarrhoea and its management⭐
  2. 2) Strongyloides stercoralis⭐⭐
    • a) Structure
    • b) Life Cycle⭐⭐
    • c) Pathogenesis
    • d) Treatment
    • e) Prevention
    • f) Clinical Features⭐
    • g) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐
  3. 3) Entamoeba histolytica / Amoebiasis/Amoebic Dysentry
    • a) Diarrhoeagenic E. coli ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Extra-intestinal manifestations⭐⭐
    • c) Morphology & Life Cycle⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Draw Diagram⭐⭐
  4. 4) Giardia lamblia⭐
    • a) Morphology
    • b) Life Cycle
    • c) Clinical features
    • d) Entero Test
    • e) Lab Diagnosis
  5. 5) Hookworm Infestation
    • a) Life Cycle
    • b) Pathogenesis
    • c) Lab Diagnosis
    • d) Prophylaxis
  6. Visceral Larva Migrans⭐⭐⭐
  7. Hydatid Cyst ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • Complications
    • Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • Pathogenesis
    • Causative Agent⭐⭐⭐
    • Lab Diagnosis

Short Notes

  1. Diphyllobothrium latum⭐
  2. Rotavirus⭐⭐⭐
  3. Bacterial Dysentery: Pathogenesis
  4. Bacterial Dysentery: lab Diagnosis
  5. Liver flukes causing human infection
  6. Ascaris Lumbricoides⭐⭐⭐
  7. Ascaris Lumbricoides: Life Cycle
  8. Ascaris Lumbricoides: Lab Diagnosis
  9. Ascaris Lumbricoides: Complications
  10. Balantidium coli
  11. Enterobius vermicularis
  12. Amoebic Liver Abscess: Sample Collection
  13. Amoebic Liver Abscess: Diagnosis
  14. Clostridium botulinum⭐⭐
  15. Cryptosporidiosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  16. Cyclops as intermediate host⭐
  17. Dysentery: Enumerate organisms causing
  18. Enterotest⭐
  19. Entamoeba histolytica⭐⭐⭐
  20. Enumerate & Classify the nematodes⭐⭐⭐⭐
  21. Mycotic poisoning⭐⭐⭐⭐
  22. Strongyloides stercoralis⭐⭐
  23. Mycotoxicosis⭐⭐
  24. Non Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS)⭐⭐⭐
  25. Lab Diagnosis: Viral Diarrhoea
  26. Vibriosis
  27. Viral Gastroenteritis⭐⭐⭐
  28. Helicobacter pylori⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Hepatobiliary & AIDS

Essay

  • 1) Hepatitis B
    • a) Prophylaxis⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Vaccines⭐
    • c) Morphology/Structure⭐⭐
    • d) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Serum / Serological Markers⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Interpretation of Common Patterns
    • g) Lab Investigations/Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  • 1) HIV⭐⭐
    • a) Etiopathogenesis/ Pathogenesis and Epidemiology⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Structure/ Morphology with diagram, and Evolution⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Prognostic Markers
    • d) Mode of Transmission⭐
    • e) Complications & Opportunistic Infections⭐
    • f) Various strategies in HIV testing
    • g) Lab Diagnosis, Prevention, Management Principles⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • h) Post Exposure Prophylaxis ⭐⭐
    • i) Preventive Programmes in India

Short Notes

  1. Visceral Larva Migrans⭐⭐⭐
  2. Hepatitis: Classification of Viruses⭐⭐⭐
  3. National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme (NVHCP)

Respiratory

Clinical Cases

  1. 30/M-
    • C/O-
      • High degree of fever
      • Chest Pain
      • Cough with expectoration
      • Leukocytosis
    • Questions-
      • Diagnosis?
      • Morphology of lesion?
      • Complications?
  2. An 18 months old baby brought to ER following a seizure. His mother says he had cold for 2-3 days with cough and fever. The condition deteriorated ,baby did not eat and was drowsy all day and had an episode of seizure. He has no history of seizures in the past. His mother reports he has not received all his immunisation. On examination the baby appears ill and his temperature was 100.5 F. There was neck stiffness. Other system examinations are normal. The lumbar puncture reveals numerous small gram-negative coccobacilli.
    • a) What organism is the most likely Etiology of this illness?
    • b) Explain the morphology and the cultural characteristics of this organism?
    • c) Describe the virulence factors, infection and development of protective immunity?
    • d) Add a note on the laboratory diagnosis and the Immunoprophylaxis.

Essay

  1. 1) Avian Influenza
  2. 2) Aspergillosis⭐
    • a) Pathophysiology⭐
    • b) Lab Diagnosis⭐
  3. 3) Diphtheria/Corynebacterium diphtheriae⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Clinical Features
    • b) Causative Organisms of Diphtheria
    • c) Morphology
    • d) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Pathogenesis⭐
    • f) Prophylaxis & Treatment
  4. 4) Influenza⭐
    • a) Influenza Virus:
      • i) Antigenic Variations ⭐
      • ii) Morphology⭐
      • iii) Epidemic & Pandemic Potential⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Antigenic Drift & Antigenic Shift ⭐⭐⭐
  5. 5) Lab Diagnosis: Swine Flu⭐
  6. 6) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)⭐
  7. 7) Lung Fluke/ Paragonimiasis– Pathogenesis & Lab Diagnosis
  8. 8) Streptococcus
  9. 9) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    • a) Classification of Mycobacteria of Medical Importance⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Morphology
    • c) Infections⭐⭐
    • d) Pathogenesis ⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Cultural Characteristics
  10. 10) Pulmonary Tuberculosis:
    • a) Lab Diagnosis ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Recent Advances in Diagnosis/ Modern Methods of Diagnosis⭐⭐
    • c) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Clinical Features⭐
    • e) Prophylaxis⭐⭐
    • f) Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)⭐⭐⭐
    • g) Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) Vaccine ⭐⭐

Short Notes

  1. Pneumocystis jirovecii/ Pneumocystis Pneumonia ⭐
  2. Paramyxoviridae infection⭐⭐⭐
  3. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)⭐
  4. Mumps: Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐
  5. Mumps: Clinical Manifestation⭐⭐⭐
  6. Mumps: Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  7. Infectious Mononucleosis/ Glandular Fever/Kissing Disease / Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) Infection⭐
  8. Zygomycosis/ Mucormycosis/Phycomycosis⭐⭐⭐
  9. Mucormycosis and recent trends⭐⭐
  10. Cryptococcus neoformans⭐⭐⭐
  11. Pneumonia⭐
  12. Lab Diagnosis: Pneumonia
  13. Post Streptococcal diseases ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  14. Streptococcus pyogenes: Non suppurative complications/ Non-suppurative Streptococcal diseases⭐⭐
  15. Streptococcus pyogenes: Virulence Factors⭐⭐⭐
  16. Mycoplasma pneumonia/ Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism (PPLO) / Walking Pneumonia/ Eaton Agent Pneumonia⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  17. Atypical Pneumonia/Primary Atypical Pneumonia⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  18. Atypical mycobacteria⭐
  19. Legionella pneumophilia/ Legionnaires’ Disease⭐
  20. Infant pneumonia
  21. Ventilator Associated Pneumonia
  22. Pulmonary tuberculosis ⭐⭐⭐
  23. Anti Streptolysin-O (ASO) Titer Test⭐⭐⭐
  24. Classification: Pneumonia causing microbial agents
  25. DPT Vaccines⭐⭐⭐
  26. Bordetella pertussis/ Pertussis: Diagnosis⭐
  27. Bordetella pertussis/ Pertussis: Immunoprophylaxis⭐

Immunology

Essay

  1. 1) Immunity⭐
  2. 2) ELISA
    • a) Clinical Applications⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Principle And Types⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Sandwich⭐⭐⭐
  3. 3) Antigen-Antibody Reactions⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐
    • a) Properties⭐
    • b) Types⭐⭐
    • c) Agglutination Reactions
      • i) Applications⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
      • ii) Principle and Types⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
      • iii) Agglutination Test
  4. 4) Hypersensitivity Reactions⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Definition, Classification⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Detection & Manifestations of Type 1 Hypersensitivity⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Type I Hypersensitivity: Explain with Mechanism, Manifestation & Examples⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Type III Hypersensitivity⭐
    • e) Type IV Hypersensitivity⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Primary & Secondary Mediators of Anaphylaxis
  5. 5) Immunoglobulins⭐⭐
  6. 6) Bacteriophage

Short Notes

  1. Adjuvant
  2. Anaphylaxis & Atopy⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. Anaphylaxis- Mechanism, diagram, mediators- 1° and 2°⭐⭐⭐⭐
  4. Antibody: Definition ⭐
  5. Antibody: Affinity and Avidity
  6. Antibody: Classification
  7. Antibody: Monoclonal – Production & Uses⭐⭐⭐⭐
  8. Antibody: Structure & Function
  9. Antigen: Definition⭐
  10. Antigen: Heterophile
  11. Antigen: T-Independent
  12. Antigen: Sequestrated
  13. Antigen-Antibody Reactions⭐⭐⭐
  14. Antigenicity: Determinants, Factors
  15. Antigens: T-cell Dependent Vs T-Cell Independent
  16. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing⭐⭐⭐
  17. Antimicrobial Therapy: Testing & Monitoring⭐
  18. Allograft Rejection⭐⭐
  19. Bacteriophage: Medical Uses/ Importance⭐
  20. Bacteriophage: Structure⭐⭐⭐
  21. Bacteriophage: Life Cycle⭐⭐⭐
  22. CLIA: Chemiluminescence Immunoassay
  23. Complement Fixation Test
  24. Complement: Alternate Pathways⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  25. Complement: Biological Effects/Functions ⭐⭐⭐⭐
  26. Delayed Hypersensitivity⭐⭐
  27. Detecting Viral Growth
  28. ELISA⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  29. Epitope
  30. Flow Cytometry
  31. Hapten
  32. Hemagglutination in Viruses Eg Influenza Virus⭐⭐⭐
  33. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immunofluorescence & its Applications⭐⭐⭐⭐
  34. Immunoglobulins: Classification⭐⭐
  35. Immunoglobulins: Structures⭐
  36. Immunoglobulins: Functions⭐
  37. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): Regulation & Clinical Application⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  38. Idiotypes
  39. IgG⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  40. IgM / Millionaire Molecule⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  41. IgE Detection⭐⭐
  42. Immune Mechanism: Autoimmunity ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  43. Immune Mechanism: Immunodeficiency State⭐
  44. Immune Mechanism: Transplantation⭐
  45. Immune Mechanism: Tumor Immunity⭐
  46. Immunity: Definition & Classification⭐⭐
  47. Immunity: Acquired⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  48. Immunity: Active⭐⭐⭐⭐
  49. Immunity: Herd⭐
  50. Immunity: Innate⭐⭐
  51. Immunity: Passive ⭐
  52. Immunochromatographic Test
  53. Immunofluorescence Test
  54. Immunological Basis of Vaccines⭐
  55. Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay
  56. Interferons
  57. Live Attenuated Vaccines
  58. Mechanism of Non-Specific Immunity⭐
  59. Neutralisation Test
  60. Precipitation Reactions⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  61. Prions⭐⭐
  62. Prozone Phenomenon⭐
  63. Subunit Vaccines
  64. Superantigens⭐
  65. T-Cell Subsets
  66. Toll
  67. Tumor Antigens⭐⭐
  68. Universal Immunisation Schedule
  69. Vector Borne Parasitic Infections
  70. Viral Cultivation Methods⭐⭐
  71. Viral Entry into hosts
  72. Viral Replication/Multiplication
  73. Viral Vaccines
  74. Virulence Factors
  75. Weil Felix Test
  76. Western Blot⭐

Paper 02

Hospital Infection Control (HIC)

Essay

  1. Sterilisation ⭐⭐
  2. Moist Heat Sterilisation⭐⭐⭐

Short Notes

  1. Antibiogram
  2. Presumptive Coliform Count in Water Analysis
  3. Differential Coliform Count/ Eijkman Test
  4. Precautions before collecting blood sample
  5. Needle Stick Injury: Ways to prevent blood borne infections after NSI
  6. Needle Stick Injury: Post Exposure Prophylaxis Measures
  7. Nosocomial/Healthcare Associated Infections- Definition & Preventive/Control Measures⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  8. Sterilisation of OT
  9. Autoclave⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  10. Sterilisation of Operation Theatre (OT)⭐⭐
  11. Classification: Hospital Wastes⭐⭐
  12. Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) ⭐⭐⭐ ⭐⭐⭐⭐
  13. Hospital Acquired Infections & their Universal Precautions & Prevention⭐⭐⭐
  14. Donning & Doffing in COVID-19 Lab⭐
  15. Universal Precautions⭐⭐
  16. Specific Air borne precautions
  17. A 45-year-old patient with complaints of dry cough, sore throat and fever visited a hospital. His throat swab was sent for COVID- 19 testing, which came positive. Discuss the infection control measures to prevent the transmission of this disease.
  18. After an Amputation of infected diabetic foot, the surgeon wants to dispose the amputated limb. What precautions he/she should take and in which colour Biomedical waste bin he should discard?

Urogenital & STDs

Clinicals

  1. 32/M-
    • C/O-
      • Painless hard indurated ulcer
      • Painless hard lymph node
    • H/O-
      • Sexual exposure with sex worker
    • Questions-
      • Diagnosis?
      • Causative agent?
      • Lab Diagnosis?
  2. A 42-Year-old male visited STD Clinic with painful ulcerations on genital region (soft chancre) and enlarged regional inguinal lymph nodes. He has history of intercourse with multiple sexual partners. A swab was taken from the edge of the ulcer and Gram Staining was done showing pleomorphic Gram-Negative Coccobacilli arranged in groups as school of fish appearance.
    • a) What is the most probable diagnosis?
    • b) What is the laboratory diagnosis of the condition?

Essays

  1. 1) Syphilis⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Specific Serological Test for Syphilis⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Standard Test⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Test for Syphilis⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Pathogenesis⭐⭐
    • e) Prophylaxis⭐
    • f) Lab Diagnosis⭐
    • g) Primary Syphilis: Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  2. 2) Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)-
    • a) Catheter Associated UTI⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Causative Agents⭐
    • c) Pathophysiology⭐
    • d) Sample Collection & Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐
    • e) Asymptomatic UTI⭐
    • f) Significant Bacteriuria and significance in UTI⭐⭐⭐

Short Notes

  1. Classification: STDs⭐⭐⭐
  2. Gonorrhoea: Pathogenesis & Lab Diagnosis
  3. Non-gonococcal Urethritis and its Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐
  4. LGV: Lymphogranuloma venereum/ Lymphogranuloma inguinale: Lab Diagnosis⭐
  5. UTI: Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)⭐⭐
  6. UTI: Hospital Acquired UTI
  7. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  8. Treponema pallidum
  9. Non-Venereal Treponema
  10. Lab Diagnosis: Treponema pallidum⭐
  11. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  12. Trichomonas vaginalis⭐
  13. Bacterial Vaginosis⭐⭐
  14. Trachoma⭐⭐
  15. Chlamydia trachomatis infections⭐
  16. Trachoma & Inclusion Conjunctivitis (TRIC) Agents/ PLT Group/ Bedsonia⭐⭐⭐
  17. Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
  18. Candiduria

CNS

Clinicals

  1. Tetanus
  2. Meningitis

Essay

  1. 1) Polio⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Polio Vaccines⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
    • d) Clinical Features⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Prophylaxis/ Immunoprophylaxis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Acute Paralytic Poliomyelitis:
      • i) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
      • ii) Prophylaxis
  2. 2) Rabies⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • a) Management of person bitten by a stray dog ⭐
    • b) Prophylaxis / Immunoprophylaxis – Pre & Post Exposure⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Treatment & Prevention⭐⭐
    • d) Route of Spread⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Negri Bodies⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Tissue Culture Vaccines
    • g) Pathogenesis⭐⭐
    • h) Clinical Features⭐
    • i) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • j) Morphology of Rabies Virus⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. 3) Tetanus⭐⭐
    • a) Clostridia of Medical Importance⭐⭐
    • b) Clostridium tetany: Morphology⭐
    • c) Toxins & Pathogenesis⭐
    • d) Pathophysiology⭐
    • e) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
    • f) Prophylaxis/ Prevention/ Immunisation & Treatment⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • g) Morphology
  4. 4) Meningitis⭐
  5. 5) Acute bacterial meningitis⭐

Short Notes

  1. Primary Amoebic Meningo Encephalitis
  2. Neisseria Meningitis
  3. Tubercular Meningitis⭐⭐⭐
  4. Pyogenic Meningitis⭐
  5. Etiological Agents of Meningitis⭐
  6. Naegleria fowleri⭐⭐
  7. Bacterial Meningitis
  8. Clostridium botulinum⭐⭐
  9. Taenia Solium: Life Cycle
  10. Taenia Solium: Complications
  11. Enumerate parasites affecting CNS ⭐
  12. Echinococcus: Lab Diagnosis
  13. Echinococcus granulosus: Life Cycle
  14. Coxsackie A Vs Coxsackie B
  15. Botulism⭐⭐
  16. Cryptococcus: Infections caused by it⭐⭐⭐
  17. Cryptococcus: Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  18. Cryptococcosis⭐⭐
  19. Japanese B Encephalitis Virus⭐
  20. Lab Diagnosis: Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM)⭐⭐
  21. Lab Diagnosis: Acute Bacterial Meningitis
  22. Lab Diagnosis: Meningococcal meningitis⭐
  23. Lab Diagnosis: Arboviruses in India⭐⭐⭐
  24. Meningococcal meningitis: Pathogenesis⭐
  25. Meningococcal meningitis: Prophylaxis⭐
  26. Neurocysticercosis
  27. Nipah Virus: Epidemiology in India
  28. Nipah Virus: Lab Diagnosis
  29. Cysticercoses cellulosae
  30. Toxoplasmosis: Lab Diagnosis⭐
  31. Toxoplasmosis: Serodiagnosis⭐⭐
  32. Listeria monocytogenes
  33. Polio Virus
  34. Pulse Polio Programme⭐⭐⭐
  35. Classification: Picorna Viruses⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  36. Pyogenic Meningitis⭐
  37. Meningitis: Organisms Causing/ Etiological Agents ⭐⭐⭐
  38. Arbovirus: Enumerate infections present in India and their Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐
  39. Arbovirus: Definition & Classification⭐⭐⭐
  40. Slow Virus Diseases⭐⭐
  41. Free Living / Freshwater Amoeba ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  42. Prion Diseases: Enumerate⭐
  43. Prion Diseases: Pathophysiology⭐
  44. Prion Diseases: Lab Diagnosis⭐

Skin, Soft Tissue & Musculoskeletal

Clinical

  1. 45/M Farmer in surgery OPD
    • C/O-
      • Multiple swellings on foot
      • Seropurulent pus discharged from sinuses along with granules
    • Questions-
      • Identify the clinical condition
      • Enumerate organisms causing such lesions
      • Add note on microscopic examination of causative organism
  2. A 62-year-old farmer by occupation presents for evaluation of a lesion on his arm. He notices the itchy lesions a week ago, they started to blister I or 2 days later and then ruptured. He had low grade fever otherwise normal. He has cows ,horses and goats in his farm. On examination of his right arm there is a 4.5 cm circular black eschar surrounded by vesicles and edema. He has tender lymph node enlargement. A gram stain of fluid drained from a vesicle and biopsy from eschar both shows chains of gram positive bacilli on microscopy.
    • 1. What is the likely causative organism?
    • 2. What are the primary virulence factors of this organism?
    • 3. What are the clinical diseases caused by this organism?
    • 4. How is this condition diagnosed in the laboratory?

Essay

  1. 1) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV – 1 & 2)
    • a) Classification of Herpes Viridae Virus⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • b) Morphology⭐⭐⭐
    • c) Mode of Infection
    • d) Pathogenesis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
    • e) Clinical Features
    • f) Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Short Notes

  1. Malignant Pustule: What is it⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  2. Malignant Pustule: Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  3. Clostridium perfringens: Toxins
  4. Lab Diagnosis: Taenia Capitis
  5. Lepromatous Leprosy⭐
  6. Lab Diagnosis: Lepromatous Leprosy⭐
  7. Nagler’s Reaction⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  8. Rhinosporidiosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  9. Subcutaneous Phycomycosis / Entomophthoramycosis ⭐
  10. Molluscum contagiosum
  11. Mycetoma – Etiological Agents, Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  12. Dermatophytes⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  13. Dermatophytosis⭐
  14. Dermatophytosis: Pathogenesis
  15. Dermatophytosis: Lab Diagnosis
  16. Dermatophyte Infection: Lab Diagnosis
  17. Lab Diagnosis: Dermatophytes⭐
  18. Cyclops as Intermediate Host
  19. Toxic Shock Syndrome ⭐⭐⭐
  20. Fungi affecting Hair
  21. Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM / MOTT)
  22. Larva Migrans⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  23. Sporotrichosis⭐⭐⭐
  24. Gas Gangrene: Lab Diagnosis⭐⭐⭐
  25. Gas Gangrene: Pathogenesis ⭐⭐⭐⭐
  26. Madura Mycoses
  27. Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

Miscellaneous

Essay

  1. Hemoflagellates
  2. Staphylococcus⭐⭐
  3. Clostridia of Medical Importance⭐⭐⭐

Short Notes-

  1. Enumerate various microbial agents with oncogenic potential. Discuss the mechanism of oncogenicity of the microbial agent that causes carcinoma stomach?
  2. Bioterrorism⭐⭐
  3. 2 Viral Zoonotic Disease in India and its Immunoprophylaxis
  4. 2 Bacterial Zoonotic Disease in India
  5. Oncogenes
  6. Oculomycoses
  7. Blood Culture system⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
  8. Bacteriology of Milk⭐
  9. Haemophilus influenza infections⭐
  10. Streptococcus pneumonia infections⭐
  11. Intestinal amoebiasis
  12. Extraintestinal manifestations of Entamoeba histolytica⭐
  13. Streptococcus pneumonia: Classification⭐
  14. Non-sporing anaerobes
  15. Shigella bacteria: Types
  16. Immunisation Schedule
  17. Neil-Mouser’s Reaction

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